Solar photovoltaic technology has seen costs fall by over 90% in a single decade. But the next phase of progress won’t come from the same playbook.

Supported by Shakti Foundation, this paper by Climate Collective Foundation and TNIFMC examines how solar PV cell technologies are likely to evolve through 2035 and why the transitions happening right now, from PERC to TOPCon, from silicon to tandem architectures, matter for investors, policymakers, and the broader clean energy ecosystem.

To map these shifts, the paper applies the Bending, Blending and Breaking (3B) Framework; a lens originally developed to explain creativity and innovation – to the logic of efficiency-driven progress in solar cells.